{"id":5,"date":"2025-07-03T11:20:56","date_gmt":"2025-07-03T10:20:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/?page_id=5"},"modified":"2025-07-29T13:01:02","modified_gmt":"2025-07-29T12:01:02","slug":"gmem","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/","title":{"rendered":""},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\"><strong>Snakebite envenoming (SBE) annually kills ~100,000 people worldwide, with 4-fold more suffering life-altering morbidity.<\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"579\" height=\"579\" src=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-74\" style=\"width:327px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg 579w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite-300x300.jpg 300w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite-150x150.jpg 150w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 579px) 100vw, 579px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Antivenom<\/strong>, the only approved treatment, requires preclinical models to assess efficacy and safety as an essential part of the regulated manufacturing&nbsp; process. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) \u2018Guidelines for the production, control, and regulation of antivenom immunoglobulins\u2019, the only validated assays to determine the potential clinical effectiveness of an antivenom are preclinical rodent models (typically mice). These procedures are rated \u2018severe\u2019 in the UK and EU, are labour-intensive and require high animal numbers. Following the inclusion of SBE on the WHO Neglected Tropical Disease list in 2017, supported by WHO\u2019s SBE 2019 roadmap, there has been increased research into SBE therapies, focused on improved efficacy, safety and affordability. The increased activity in this area further emphasises the need for a validated, alternative model to the current severe models, to minimise the suffering of thousands of mice per year.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><em>Galleria mellonella<\/em>&nbsp;have gained momentum as a replacement for vertebrate models in the last decade. <strong>Developing a&nbsp;<em>Galleria&nbsp;<\/em>model for SBE would provide a lower-cost, lower-labour intensive, high-throughput non-vertebrate alternative model.<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed aligncenter is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"GMRC - Methods spotlight\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/DyEfCWmd-4U?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\"><strong><em>Galleria<\/em> Envenoming Model (G.E.M.) <\/strong><\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Following on from our promising pilot data, we were awarded an NC3Rs project grant. Within this grant we aim to;<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Validate the model to quantify snake venom induced coagulopathy, neurotoxicity and cytotoxicity to mirror pathology observed in rodent <em>in vitro<\/em> studies<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Complete LD<sub>50<\/sub>s (median lethal dose of venom) and ED<sub>50<\/sub>s (median effective dose of an antivenom) between&nbsp;<em>Galleria&nbsp;<\/em>and existing murine data, for a panel of 14 medically important venoms and 3 antivenoms. <\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Advocate this model as an alternative to the severe-rated SBE mouse model through;<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-6c531013 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>incorporation of this model into routine practice at ICP and in academic groups<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>publications, conference presentations and delivering international workshops<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>openly share our LD<sub>50<\/sub> and ED<sub>50<\/sub> results on this website for others to access <\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group is-content-justification-center is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-23441af8 wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p>Follow us on LinkedIn<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Contact the Lead Investigator: <a href=\"mailto:rachel.clare@edgehill.ac.uk\">rachel.clare@edgehill.ac.uk<\/a><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image alignright size-large is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"834\" height=\"1024\" src=\"http:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-834x1024.png\" alt=\"Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.) logo, grey and green circle with a snake wrapped around a chemistry bottle\" class=\"wp-image-77\" style=\"width:247px;height:auto\" srcset=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-834x1024.png 834w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-244x300.png 244w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-768x943.png 768w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-1251x1536.png 1251w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding-1668x2048.png 1668w, https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/GEM-branding.png 2006w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 834px) 100vw, 834px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<p><\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Snakebite envenoming (SBE) annually kills ~100,000 people worldwide, with 4-fold more suffering life-altering morbidity. Antivenom, the only approved treatment, requires preclinical models to assess efficacy and safety as an essential part of the regulated manufacturing&nbsp; process. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) \u2018Guidelines for the production, control, and regulation of antivenom immunoglobulins\u2019, the [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2448,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-5","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v23.5 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>- Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"- Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Snakebite envenoming (SBE) annually kills ~100,000 people worldwide, with 4-fold more suffering life-altering morbidity. Antivenom, the only approved treatment, requires preclinical models to assess efficacy and safety as an essential part of the regulated manufacturing&nbsp; process. In accordance with the World Health Organization (WHO) \u2018Guidelines for the production, control, and regulation of antivenom immunoglobulins\u2019, the [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2025-07-29T12:01:02+00:00\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:image\" content=\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/files\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"2 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\",\"name\":\"- Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/#website\"},\"primaryImageOfPage\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/#primaryimage\"},\"image\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/#primaryimage\"},\"thumbnailUrl\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg\",\"datePublished\":\"2025-07-03T10:20:56+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2025-07-29T12:01:02+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"ImageObject\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/#primaryimage\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg\",\"contentUrl\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/431\/2025\/07\/WHO-strategy-for-snakebite.jpg\"},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/\",\"name\":\"Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)\",\"description\":\"Edge Hill University Network\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"- Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/sites.edgehill.ac.uk\/gmem\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"- Galleria Envenoming Model (G.E.M.)","og_description":"Snakebite envenoming (SBE) annually kills ~100,000 people worldwide, with 4-fold more suffering life-altering morbidity. 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